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Hearing on Preventing and Addressing Sex Trafficking of Youth in Foster Care _____________________________________
HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON HUMAN RESOURCES OF THE COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION October 23, 2013 SERIAL 113-HR09 Printed for the use of the Committee on Ways and Means |
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COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS |
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SAM JOHNSON, Texas |
SANDER M. LEVIN, Michigan CHARLES B. RANGEL, New York JIM MCDERMOTT, Washington JOHN LEWIS, Georgia RICHARD E. NEAL, Massachusetts XAVIER BECERRA, California LLOYD DOGGETT, Texas MIKE THOMPSON, California JOHN B. LARSON, Connecticut EARL BLUMENAUER, Oregon RON KIND, Wisconsin BILL PASCRELL, JR., New Jersey JOSEPH CROWLEY, New York ALLYSON SCHWARTZ, Pennsylvania DANNY DAVIS, Illinois LINDA SÁNCHEZ, California |
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JENNIFER M. SAFAVIAN, Staff Director and General Counsel
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SUBCOMMITTEE ON HUMAN RESOURCES |
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TODD YOUNG, Indiana |
LLOYD DOGGETT, Texas JOHN LEWIS, Georgia JOSEPH CROWLEY, New York DANNY DAVIS, Illinois |
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CONTENTS
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Advisory of October 23, 2013 announcing the hearing
WITNESSES
PANEL 1:
The Honorable Erik Paulsen
U.S. Representative from the State of Minnesota
Testimony
The Honorable Louise Slaughter
U.S. Representative from the State of New York
Testimony
The Honorable Ted Poe
U.S. Representative from the State of Texas
Testimony
The Honorable Karen Bass
U.S. Representative from the State of California
Testimony
The Honorable Orrin G. Hatch
U.S. Senator from the State of Utah
Testimony
PANEL 2:
Withelma “T” Ortiz Walker Pettigrew
Board Member, Human Rights Project for Girls
Testimony
John Ryan
CEO, National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
Testimony
The Honorable Bobbe J. Bridge
President, CEO and Founder, Center for Children and Youth Justice
Testimony
Melinda Giovengo, Ph.D.
Executive Director, YouthCare
Testimony
Ashley Harris
Child Welfare Policy Associate, Texans Care For Children
Testimony
Hearing on Preventing and Addressing Sex Trafficking of Youth in Foster Care
U.S. House of Representatives,
Committee on Ways and Means,
Washington, D.C.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 2:35 p.m., in Room 1100, Longworth House Office Building, Hon. Dave Reichert [chairman of the subcommittee] presiding.
[The advisory of the hearing follows:]
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Chairman Reichert. Welcome to today’s hearing.
We will start with my opening statement. And the staff has prepared, sort of, some of what I have experienced in my life. They have about two pages of my experience as a sheriff and a detective working with people on the street. I think they were trying to put me in a box to shorten up my statement, so I am going to read from that, because if I don’t read from it, I will probably get off into all kinds of different examples and stories and it could take us a while.
I think most people know that before being elected to Congress I spent 32 years working in law enforcement in King County. And I became a sheriff in 1997 and left in January of 2005 to come to Congress. I saw firsthand the tragedies that children face when they are not cared for by loving parents.
It was in the sheriff’s office where I first witnessed the horrors of child sex trafficking, and it convinced me that we needed to do more to protect our youth at risk of abuse. And in late summer in 1982, I began a 20‑year journey that would focus my attention on this issue like nothing else ever could.
On August 12th of 1982, I was called to investigate the death of a young woman whose body was found in the Green River just south of Seattle in suburban Kent, Washington. Of course, I didn’t know then that that was the beginning of 20 years. I thought that I was investigating one murder. Three days later, I received a call about two more bodies being found in the river. And as I was investigating that crime scene, I found a third body on the banks of the river.
Finding these victims began our 2‑decade hunt for a man who became known as the Green River Killer, who, once caught, confessed to killing more than 70 young women who had been involved in the sex trade. Of the 48 known victims of the Green River Killer, at least 17 were minors ‑‑ children who had been abused or neglected, who had run away from home, who had been victimized and ultimately killed.
Ridgway pled guilty to 49 murders and, like he said, probably killed 70 to 80. The sad part about this story is the families who will never see their daughters again, lives lost, of course. People recognize that. But the community didn’t see these children, driving from home to work, from work to home. They were invisible. So this issue is not just an abstract problem from a faraway place for me; it is personal.
As chairman, I focused on how we can improve the child welfare system and help children in foster care lead successful lives. One of the most devastating examples of the vulnerability of kids in foster care is when they become victims of sex trafficking. In 2010, officials in Los Angeles reported that 59 percent of juveniles arrested for prostitution were in foster care. Of children reported missing to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children who were also likely sex trafficking victims, 60 percent were in foster care or group homes when they ran away.
Research cited by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services shows the majority of sex trafficked youth experience sexual abuse growing up. Victims of sexual abuse are 28 times more likely to be involved in prostitution than children who have not suffered such abuse.
I think everybody in this room recognizes, and I hope that people across America recognize, we cannot allow this to continue. We owe it to these children to ensure our Nation’s foster care system does all it can to protect them so that they can live safe and happy and successful lives. For too many kids in foster care, we are not living up to that promise.
That is why the topic of today’s hearing is so critical to me and why I know it is important to each of our witnesses today. And I look forward to hearing from each of the witnesses in both panels.
And now I yield to Mr. Doggett for his opening statement.
Mr. Doggett. Thank you so much, Mr. Chairman.
We are aware that nearly 150 years ago our Nation banned all forms of slavery through the passage of the 13th Amendment, but the protection of that promise has eluded too many children who are enslaved, effectively, by really cruel masters. While there is not any one piece of legislation that will stop sex trafficking of children, we can’t allow complacency to stop us from doing everything in our power to put a stop to this.
Our first task in this subcommittee, given our jurisdiction, is to ensure the child welfare system doesn’t become a pipeline to prostitution. The abuse and neglect that children suffer before coming into foster care already make them prime targets for those who prey on children. A sense of isolation that often comes when children are removed from their homes makes them even more vulnerable. And when children run away from home, the risk grows further still.
Without the protection of the foster care system, abused and neglected children would be even more at the mercy of predators and sex traffickers. But the system needs to become more cognizant of the problem and more forceful in developing strategies to stop it. I note one survey that was conducted by the Los Angeles Probation Department revealing that a majority of the juveniles arrested on prostitution were in the foster care system already, and that ought to set off an alarm for us.
Some policies that generally help foster children, such as better connecting them with relatives and helping them lead more normal lives, are important. This subcommittee has held hearings on these issues, and yesterday we passed bipartisan legislation to better promote the adoption of children in foster care.
I expect that we will hear about the need for increased housing options for the victims of trafficking, improved coordination and collaboration among all the various agencies and programs that come into contact with children, and that we need to ensure that children who are trafficked are not treated like criminals but the victims that they truly are.
In Texas, we have a number of champions who have worked on this. I look forward to hearing from Ashley Harris, who has come up from Texas with Texans Care for Children and who has worked with State Senator Leticia Van de Putte, State Representative Senfronia Thompson, and other members of our legislature to deal with this problem at the State level.
I particularly look forward to hearing from all of our colleagues on their recommendations for what legislative initiatives we can take and how we can work collaboratively on a bipartisan basis to address this truly serious problem.
And I yield back.
Chairman Reichert. Thank you, Mr. Doggett.
Chairman Reichert. Without objection, each Member will have the opportunity to submit a written statement and have it included in the record.
Chairman Reichert. I want to remind our witnesses, please, to limit their oral testimony to 5 minutes. However, without objection, all the written testimony will be made a part of the permanent record.
On our first panel this afternoon, we will be hearing from several of our own colleagues, as Mr. Doggett said. And it is sometimes unusual in a subcommittee hearing to have the interest of a number of Members, so it is really an honor to have the four of you here. And we will be hearing from Senator Hatch via a video presentation later on.
So the first panel today is the Honorable Eric Paulsen of Minnesota, who, by the way, was acting chairman of this subcommittee last year; Honorable Louise Slaughter of New York; Honorable Ted Poe of Texas; the Honorable Karen Bass of California; and, as I mentioned, Senator Hatch of Utah will present later.
Mr. Paulsen, you are recognized for 5 minutes.
STATEMENT OF THE HON. ERIK PAULSEN, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF MINNESOTA
Mr. Paulsen. Well, thank you, Mr. Chairman and Ranking Member Doggett. I want to thank you for holding this hearing today and bringing light to an issue that is all too often ignored.
It is very easy and comfortable to think that sex trafficking happens only outside the United States, but the truth is that the exploitation of our children happens every day all across the country and even in our own backyards.
I recently visited Breaking Free, which is a Minnesota organization run by a survivor of trafficking whose mission is to educate and provide services to women and girls who have been the victims of abuse and commercial sexual exploitation. And while there, I had the opportunity to meet with victims and to hear their stories. Breaking Free has beds that are exclusively used for child trafficking victims. And I was shocked to learn, Mr. Chairman, that these beds are full almost every night and they are looking for additional capacity.
The Department of Justice reports that, between 2008 and 2010, 83 percent of sex trafficking victims found within the United States were U.S. citizens, and the average age of a girl’s entry into prostitution or sex trafficking is 12 to 14 years old. That is the seventh grade.
Sadly, the foster care system is rife with opportunities for predators to exploit these young girls. Recently, the Chicago Tribune reported how group facilities are a breeding ground for the recruitment of children into sex trafficking, saying, quote, “Because many girls in foster care feel starved for a sense of family, experts say it is not uncommon for pimps to target group homes and groom girls for prostitution by giving them attention and gifts. They often let the girls think they are dating, and they even used one foster child to recruit others.”
Youth who have been involved in the foster care system are also more likely to become runaways or to become homeless at an early age. Minneapolis Police Sergeant Grant Snyder, who works full‑time fighting youth prostitution and trafficking, reports that there is a very strong connection between runaways and homeless youth and sex trafficking victims. He says all of their trafficking victims are a part of that population.
And youth who age out of the foster care system often have little or no income support, limited housing options, and are at a higher risk to end up out on the streets. Youth that live in residential or institutional facilities often become homeless upon discharge.
Sadly, the consequences for these children are dire. Girls who become victims of sex trafficking may face a range of both physical and mental maladies, including reproductive health issues, pain, weight loss, depression, PTSD, anxiety disorders, and suicidal thoughts.
When I talk to experts, over and over again they say there is a general lack of understanding of the problems, and, therefore, the victims aren’t getting the proper services and care they need.
Earlier this week, I actually met with the Ramsey County Attorney in Minnesota John Choi, and he said, “Just like domestic violence decades ago, child sex trafficking is not getting the attention that it needs. There is not a strong awareness of the youth trafficking problem. People don’t know that it is going on, and, therefore, they don’t know what to look for.” He went on to say that, “in order to prevent youths from becoming victims of sex trafficking, we need better information as to what is happening, where, and to whom. We need to identify trends, and then help fill in the gaps.”
That is why earlier this year I introduced bipartisan legislation, along with Representative Slaughter, to help provide reliable data, particularly as it relates to children in the child welfare system. It takes an important first step by requiring that each State’s foster care and adoption assistance plan contains a description of the specific measures taken to provide services to children who are the victims of sex trafficking.
It also requires children welfare agencies to immediately notify the proper authorities when children go missing, either from their homes or from childcare institutions. This information will all go to the FBI, where we can keep a comprehensive database.
And this bill will also classify that these victims, that they are just that, they are victims, not criminals, which they are sometimes labeled today. We need to make sure that the victims are able to come forward without the fear of prosecution and given the proper care and protection, they are not just thrown in jail.
This is an issue that people don’t always like to talk about. And while we read stories about it going on in foreign countries, the reality is it is happening right in our backyards. But by pooling our resources and gathering ideas and intelligence from as many sources as we can, we can start to fight back and save the lives of these innocent youth. This legislation is a product of ideas from law enforcement and nonprofit organizations that understand the problem, and, also, they know very real what the practical ways are to combat it.
I sincerely appreciate the opportunity to testify, and I commend the committee for bringing attention to this very important topic.
Chairman Reichert. Thank you, Mr. Paulsen.
[The statement of Mr. Paulsen follows:]
Chairman Reichert. I will just take a moment to point out for people who might be watching C‑SPAN and those in the audience, this is one of those few moments where you see some true bipartisanship, so we have Democrats and Republicans here testifying today.
So it is an honor to have you, Ms. Slaughter. You are recognized for 5 minutes.
STATEMENT OF THE HON. LOUISE SLAUGHTER, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF NEW YORK
Ms. Slaughter. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. And I am very pleased to be here, delighted to co‑sponsor this with Mr. Paulsen ‑‑ and Congressman Poe and I have worked on similar issues before ‑‑ and, certainly, to be here with my colleague, Karen Bass. This is a most important issue to all of us, and I thank you for holding this hearing and giving me the opportunity to come to speak.
We have all said so many times and we believe with all our hearts that the children in this country are our most important resource. All of us who are parents and grandparents know the lengths that we would go to to protect our children from harm. And we wish that every child had the opportunity to grow up in a family that loved and protected them, but, unfortunately, that is not the case. As a result, as we are here today, 400,000 children are in the foster care system.
And there have been great improvements in recent years in terms of reducing the numbers of children in foster care and increasing the number of children who find permanent and loving homes. We should acknowledge and be proud of the advancements that have been made, particularly the focus on supporting youth as they age out of the system.
But the fact of the matter is that the majority of foster care parents are loving and supportive individuals who open their hearts and their homes. Foster care parents can rightfully be described as the better angels among us, and they deserve to be recognized for the incredible difference they make in the world every day. But far too many children in the foster care system don’t have that benefit.
But even for those incredible champions, protecting young people in foster care from the threats of the outside world is a very big challenge. And statistics tell us that foster children are exceptionally vulnerable to those who seek to exploit children, as Congressman Paulsen has told us.
The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children tells us 60 percent of runaways who are victims of sex trafficking were at one time in the custody of social services or in foster care. In my home State of New York, 85 percent of the trafficking victims have prior child welfare involvement. To say that I am completely appalled and embarrassed by that number is an understatement. While State‑specific numbers vary throughout the country, they all tell us that much more needs to be done.
And I am proud to be one of the co‑sponsors of H.R. 2744, the Child Sex Trafficking Data and Response Act, sponsored by my colleague, Mr. Paulsen. And this bill, to go over it again ‑‑ and I know you have heard it, but we can’t hear it too much, because this is such an important bill, and it must be addressed if we are going to reduce the incidence of sex trafficking in the United States, which is growing at terrible rates.
First, it identifies and documents children within the welfare system who are victims of sex trafficking. Then it trains the child protective service workers to identify and provide the services needed to victims of sex trafficking; coordinates efforts with State law enforcement, juvenile justice, and social services; and reports the number of children known or suspected to be the victims of trafficking each year.
Now, all of these approaches are good and necessary, but the part of this bill that is of primary importance to me is that the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act will be amended to require that child victims of sex trafficking will now be considered victims of abuses and neglect, making them eligible to receive services within the child welfare system. The idea that a young person rescued from a sex trafficking operation could be considered an offender within the juvenile justice system is shocking to me and to you, as well, I am sure.
These are victims in the strongest sense of the word, the children who have been preyed upon by those who would take advantage of the situation. That fear and the loneliness that comes from being in the foster care system, to use them to their own advantage and profit. Those children deserve help and a chance at healing and wholeness, not a criminal record.
I have worked for many years on issues of domestic violence and sexual assault in the military. In 1994, I drafted the original Violence Against Women Act with my good friend, Former Representative Patricia Schroeder, and in recent years fought to pass numerous protections into law that provide our servicemen and ‑women with the resources, support, and the agency to seek justice in cases of sexual assault and to successfully prevent cases of sexual assault before they occur.
In the process, I have watched women go from victims to survivors after receiving services that the agencies funded by the legislation on domestic violence have been able to offer. We have watched the incidence of domestic violence fall by 67 percent since the bill was passed. And I believe we will see the same kind of impact from addressing sex trafficking among our foster youth.
The same way millions of victims of domestic violence have been drawn out of the shadows and been given a chance to stand because of the Violence Against Women Act, I believe that this legislation we are talking about today and other ideas being considered before this committee are the path forward for these young people who deserve all the assistance that we can provide.
Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, Mr. Doggett, members of the committee, for your time and your consideration today. Thank you.
Chairman Reichert. Thank you, Ms. Slaughter, for all your hard work and concern on this issue and the team that you have with you at the witness table.
[The statement of Ms. Slaughter follows:]
Chairman Reichert. Mr. Poe, who I call “Judge” and he calls me “Sheriff,” he has done a lot of work in this area, and I am so pleased to have the judge here.
Judge, you are recognized for 5 minutes.
STATEMENT OF THE HON. TED POE, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF TEXAS
Mr. Poe. Thank you, Chairman Reichert, Ranking Member Doggett, for inviting me to testify on this important issue.
As you have mentioned, in my former life, I spent 22 years at the criminal courthouse in Houston and 8 years before that as a prosecutor. That is where I first heard about you, Sheriff. And the whole country appreciates your relentless work on the Green River murders even to this day.
Child abusers, sex predators are the worst criminals in our society. Too often, the justice system unfortunately ignores the victim of this crime.
When I first came to Congress, Congressman Jim Costa and I founded the Victims’ Rights Caucus. The VRC is currently focused on combatting human trafficking. This topic is particularly of interest to me because my hometown of Houston, Texas, is unfortunately a hub of this despicable crime of human trafficking.
Many are not aware that modern‑day slavery occurs right here in the United States, as Ranking Member Doggett has mentioned. The problem is very real, especially among vulnerable youth in the child welfare system.
This is Anna’s story, which was given to me by Shared Hope International. After Anna’s family passed away, she was placed in foster care at the age of 3. She was shuffled from home to home until the age of 12, when she was finally adopted by a family.
Anna began hanging out at the wrong place, a corner store, and her family, of course, did not know that she was there. She met a person who she thought she could trust. Little did she know the person she met at the corner store was not a friend at all. One day, she got into a fight with her parents and she called the one friend that she thought she had, who picked her up. She didn’t know that this call would change her life forever.
This individual was actually a sex trafficker. He was violent. He beat Anna. He sold her body. The emotional, physical, and sexual abuse continued for a long time. He threatened to kill her family if she ever called the police. He also told her that if the police ever found her they would arrest her. And that is exactly what happened. She was arrested and charged with prostitution. She was treated as a criminal. But she was a victim of crime.
Anna became convinced her family didn’t want her any longer, and she felt helpless and scared. This is a typical situation, unfortunately, for girls like this.
After 4 years of this abuse, she escaped and was reunited with her family. And through strength and resilient spirit and with the help of her mother, Anna vowed to make a difference one victim at a time. Now she runs a ministry for sex trafficking survivors and runs an outreach program for at‑risk youth.
Unfortunately, Anna’s story is not that unique in this country. The scars from the foster care system stayed with her and made her vulnerable to trafficking. Many foster youth have experienced neglect, physical, emotional, and even sexual abuse. These factors make the children more susceptible to trafficking.
And the child welfare system has many problems, and one major challenge is not only to put a roof over the child’s head but to instill some values like self‑worth into all of these children. We must remember that child sex predators, when they commit these crimes against our youth, are trying to steal the soul of the victim when they commit sexual assault.
I will soon introduce the Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act, along with Congresswoman Maloney from New York. The companion bill will be also offered in the Senate by Senators Cornyn and Wyden. This bill will create a grant program to help State and local governments develop and implement comprehensive victim‑centered programs.
It creates a Domestic Trafficking Victims’ Fund at the Treasury, financed through the fines on persons convicted of human trafficking and child exploitation, which can be used to fund support programs for victims. Criminals, Sheriff, will literally pay for the crime and the system that they have created. Included in this bill are a number of other provisions to ensure victims receive justice and traffickers and buyers are prosecuted.
Mr. Chairman, across this country we have 5,000 shelters for animals. I have gotten one of my three dalmatians from an animal shelter. I love those places. But in the whole country, according to Shared Hope International, there are only 226 beds for minor sex trafficking victims. We can do a lot better.
The Justice for Victims Act that I introduced ‑‑ and I have already introduced the End Sex Trafficking Act. This bill will help combat human trafficking by targeting criminals who purchase sexual acts and ensuring they are prosecuted just like the trafficker. The bill goes after the so‑called anonymous buyer of sex trafficking. It targets the demand to stop the sale of our children. The days of boys being boys in this country are over when it comes to exploitation of our children, and the long arm of the law needs to go after these consumers.
I commend you for holding this hearing today. And that is just the way it is.
Chairman Reichert. Now you know why we call him “Judge.”
Thank you, Mr. Poe.
[The statement of Mr. Poe follows:]
Chairman Reichert. Ms. Bass has been passionate on this issue. She and I have had a number of discussions and have attended some events together and speaking out.
And really appreciate your presence here. You are recognized for 5 minutes, Ms. Bass.
STATEMENT OF THE HON. KAREN BASS, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
Ms. Bass. Well, thank you. Thank you very much for holding this hearing, Chairman Reichert and Ranking Member Doggett, for providing me the opportunity to testify today, but also your leadership today as well as yesterday on the bill that we passed on a bipartisan basis yesterday on the floor. As the co‑chair of the Congressional Caucus on Foster Youth, I am very appreciative of your ongoing commitment to improving outcomes for foster youth and families.
As I have traveled throughout the country as part of the Foster Youth Caucus National Listening Tour, it has been devastating to hear the children involved in the child welfare system, particularly those that experience multiple placements, are especially susceptible to coercion and manipulation by traffickers.
In Los Angeles, there is a specialized collaborative courthouse. This court is designed to serve commercially exploited youth, and they report that 80 percent of the girls have been previously involved in the child welfare system. Increasingly, in the Los Angeles area and other large cities, gangs are engaging in commercial sexual exploitation, too, selling girls in addition to drugs and guns.
It is clear we need a comprehensive approach to prevent the victimization of our children. Child welfare and law enforcement must work together in a coordinated fashion to meet the needs of young survivors and prevent the exploitation of others.
Unfortunately, the child welfare system as a whole has not truly recognized trafficking as a crisis within the foster care population, and they haven’t incorporated protocols and systems to address the problem.
I had an experience in Los Angeles where I was talking to a child welfare director and I asked him about the problem of sex trafficking in the area around the office. He told me it didn’t exist. The day before, I had been with the FBI, and they said that the area right around that neighborhood was one of the most ‑‑ one of the most trafficked areas. And so the child welfare agency wasn’t even aware of it.
To address the gaps, I have introduced H.R. 1732, the Strengthening Child Welfare Response to Trafficking Act, along with my colleague and co‑chair of the Congressional Caucus on Foster Youth, Representative Tom Marino.
Primarily, the bill would help establish local plans to combat trafficking, as well as ensuring national data collection in several important ways. The bill requires child welfare agencies to report missing, abducted, or trafficked youth to law enforcement within 72 hours for entry into the National Crime Information Center database. Oftentimes, these children are just viewed as runaways.
The bill amends the Child Abuse Protection and Treatment Act to ensure that States develop comprehensive multi‑agency plans to identify and provide services to all victims of trafficking. This would be inclusive of foster youth as well as other youth who might be commercially exploited.
In addition to local planning and data collection, the bill directs the Department of Health and Human Services to submit a report to Congress that outlines the prevalence and trends of trafficking amongst child welfare youth, both State by State and nationwide; develops a proposal to collect annual data from State agencies; and proposes an ongoing method of supporting and monitoring efforts of local child welfare agencies to prevent trafficking and serve victims.
Finally, the Strengthening Child Welfare Response to Trafficking Act directs the Department of Health and Human Services to develop and publish guidelines to assist child welfare agencies in serving youth who are victims of trafficking and preventing the exploitation of youth at risk from becoming victims. Although HHS recently released guidance to child welfare agencies on this topic, there is room for additional resources and specific tools. As outlined in the bill, the guidelines would provide example training materials and screening tools, service delivery strategies, protocols for effective cross‑system collaboration, best practices related to residential placement, recommendations for documentation and data collection.
Something else that needs to be addressed on a State level are girls who have been involved in the system, who have criminal records, and have turned their life around, and now they need to have those records expunged, because we understand, moving forward, these girls should have never been arrest for soliciting to begin with.
In conclusion, we cannot continue to fail our Nation’s children. As Federal legislators, we have a tremendous opportunity to ensure that local plans to prevent exploitation are in place as well as collect the necessary national data to inform future Federal strategies. While many of the social services needed to properly serve trafficked youth may require a monetary investment, these first steps do not require additional Federal funding.
It has been encouraging to see momentum on this issue throughout the 3 years I have served in Congress, and I look forward to continuing working with my colleagues.
Thank you very much.
Chairman Reichert. Thank you, Ms. Bass, for your testimony.
[The statement of Ms. Bass follows:]
Chairman Reichert. And I know that, as I said earlier, Senator Hatch wanted to be here today to testify. He is the author of legislation that also seeks to prevent trafficking of youth in foster care. So we asked him to testify. He couldn’t be here, but he provided a video for us. So, next, we will watch Senator Hatch’s testimony.
But before we begin the video, if our member panel wants to leave ‑‑ I know everyone has a busy schedule. You are free to leave, or you can stay and listen to the Senator’s testimony.
And any of the members on the panel here who have questions, we will just ‑‑ we will meet you on the floor or we will send them to your office. Is that all right?
Ms. Slaughter. Indeed.
Mr. Poe. Yes.
Chairman Reichert. Okay.
Ms. Slaughter. Thank you.
Chairman Reichert. Thank you for being here today.
Ms. Slaughter. Pleasure.
STATEMENT OF THE HON. ORRIN G. HATCH, A SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF UTAH
[Video begins.]
Senator Hatch. Chairman Reichert, Ranking Member Doggett, and members of the Subcommittee on Human Resources, thank you for holding this important hearing on preventing and addressing sex trafficking of youth in foster care. I am pleased to have the opportunity to tell your committee about legislation that I have introduced in the Senate.
Mr. Chairman and Ranking Member, as you know, there is an epidemic of abuse taking place in America today. Recent reports estimate that hundreds of thousands of children and youth are at risk for domestic sex trafficking.
The risk of sex trafficking is compounded every year for up to 30,000 young people who are, quote, “emancipated,” unquote, from foster care. Too many of these emancipated youth turn 18, pack their few belongings in a trash bag, and are driven to homeless shelters, leaving them vulnerable and exposed to traffickers and other predators.
While in foster care, children and youth are also at increased risk for trafficking. In order to combat domestic sex trafficking and improve outcomes for children and youth in foster care, systemic changes need to be made in the current child welfare system.
The legislation I have introduced in the Senate, the Improving Outcomes for Youth At Risk for Sex Trafficking, otherwise known as IO Youth, addresses some of the endemic and widespread conditions in the child welfare and foster care systems that make children and youth particularly vulnerable to being sexually trafficked. I would like to describe the highlights of the legislation for the subcommittee.
Mr. Chairman, I am sure many Americans would be surprised to learn that most child welfare agencies will not serve trafficked children and youth who are not in the custody of the biological or foster family or living in a group home. Often, these children, who are not legally able to give consent for sex, are arrested for prostitution and referred to the juvenile justice system. And in many States, the courts and the juvenile justice system are ill‑equipped to deal with the trauma these children and youth have endured.
My bill requires States to provide services to youth who may have been trafficked or are at the risk of being trafficked. It also redirects Social Services Block Grant funds to improve the current court system to better identify and address the needs of trafficked youth.
My bill includes a number of provisions to encourage, enhance, and support youth in foster care to allow them to participate in age‑appropriate activities and social events. I hope these provisions will promote healthy development, increase opportunities for foster children to form meaningful connections, and reduce the risk of vulnerability to domestic sex trafficking and other negative outcomes.
Another major risk factor for vulnerability to domestic sex trafficking for older youth in the child welfare system is a continued reliance on congregate care facilities, sometimes referred to as group homes. These facilities are routinely targeted by traffickers and are often warehouses for youth who are rarely, if ever, allowed to engage in healthy social activities.
My legislation refocuses Federal priorities on connecting vulnerable youth with caring, permanent families and limits Federal reimbursement for very young children and, after a certain duration, for older youth. For those remaining in congregate care, those kind of facilities, the bill requires that youth have improved access to normal, age‑appropriate activities.
Many youth in foster care report that they might not have gone into foster care in the first place had preventative services been available to their biological family, which could have kept them safely at home. IO Youth responds to the need for preventive services, such as mental health and substance abuse treatment for fragile families, by redirecting funds from the Social Services Block Grant to address this need as well as to enhance and improve child welfare systems.
Youth in foster care routinely report that they feel uninvolved, unaware, and disconnected to any planning around their care or future. They are not informed of their rights while in foster care. This can lead to a sense of disenfranchisement and a lack of connection to siblings, relatives, or other caring adults. In many cases, this lack of connection contributes to the void so often preyed on by traffickers.
My bill requires that State child welfare agencies provide ongoing family funding for older youth in foster care as well as greater participation of youth in planning for their future. We want to find those families for them. It also encourages States to find individuals willing to be involved on an ongoing basis with the youth in foster care.
Individuals who work with victims of domestic sex trafficking tell us that the single biggest challenge to successful intervention with these victims is a lack of accessible and affordable housing. For older youth who have been emancipated from foster care, not having a place to sleep is often a reason why they enter the sex trade. In order to improve housing options for these at‑risk youth, my bill redirects funds from the Social Services Block Grant in order to provide housing to trafficked and other vulnerable youth.
Chairman Reichert and Ranking Member Doggett, thanks a lot. And thanks again for the opportunity to share highlights of my legislation. I look forward to working with you and other members of the subcommittee as we move forward to prevent and address domestic sex trafficking.
[Video ends.]
[The statement of Senator Hatch follows:]
Chairman Reichert. Well, again, if any Members have questions for Senator Hatch or any of the other colleagues that have testified today, you are free to submit them in writing.
Chairman Reichert. And now we will move on to our second panel, if they would please take their seats.
Well, welcome. Happy to see you all here today.
On our second panel this afternoon, we will be hearing from ‑‑ and I am going to call her “T.” because she said I could do that, and as well as all the other Members. We can call her “T.” She goes by T. Ortiz Walker Pettigrew, and she is a board member, Human Rights Project for Girls.
Welcome.
Mr. John Ryan, CEO, National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.
Thank you for being here.
The Honorable Bobbe J. Bridge, president, CEO, and founder, Center for Children and Youth Justice.
Thank you, Judge.
Ms. Melinda Giovengo, Ph.D., executive director, YouthCare.
Thank you.
And Ms. Ashley Harris, child welfare policy associate, Texans Care for Children.
Thank you all for being here.
T., you have 5 minutes or a little more if you want to.
STATEMENT OF WITHELMA “T.” ORTIZ WALKER PETTIGREW, BOARD MEMBER, HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT FOR GIRLS
Ms. Pettigrew. Thank you so much, Mr. Chairman. I want to say thank you to you, the members of the committee, and the Human Rights Project for Girls for the invitation to be here today.
A little bit about myself: My name is Withelma TiOra Ortiz Walker Pettigrew, but, yes, you can call me “T.” I am now 24 years of age, and I am currently a student here in Washington, D.C., at Trinity Washington University.
Previous to being a student, I was a youth who grew up in foster care for pretty much the first 18 years of my life. Throughout that time, from the ages of 10 to 17, I was a victim of sexual exploitation and trafficking here, domestically, in the United States throughout the States of California, Nevada, Oregon, and, of course, your State, Washington.
I am here to tell you why I and other youth in foster care are rendered more vulnerable to be sexually trafficked. So, first of all, we accept and normalize being used as an object for financial gain. We also experience various people who control and come in and out of our lives. We lack opportunities to gain meaningful relationships and positive attachments. And the traffickers, exploiters, and pimps ‑‑ I use this term interchangeably in my testimony, as they all mean the same thing ‑‑ have no fear of punishment due to the lack of attention when young people from this population go missing. In addition, the life instability makes it easier for exploiters to hide their involvement, which continues to perpetuate the foster youth population’s vulnerability.
So how do we accept and normalize being used as an object for financial gain? As we all know, there is money provided to caregivers by the agencies to provide and serve the youth. Often, this money is used by caregivers for their personal use or the use of their families or biological children. And, currently, from my knowledge, there is no system set up to guarantee that the money is actually being utilized for the child that is within the placement.
So, oftentimes, what happens is the foster parent will say something the sorts of, you know, “I don’t really care what you do. It is not my worry. As long as, you know, you don’t die, you know, I am going to continue to get my paycheck.” So this nothing‑but‑a‑paycheck ideology really puts the youth in a compromising situation in regards to how they are supposed to feel.
And so what we began to do as the youth in care is normalize and accept that our purpose is of being a financial benefit of others. And so, because of this, it makes it harder for a youth and even for myself in my story to have seen the difference in bringing in finances into the foster home or of bringing money to an exploiter and their stable.
So foster care normalizes that other people are supposed to control our lives and circumstances. Multiple roles, such as public defenders and social workers, come in and fluctuate in and out of youths’ lives, most of whom are strangers to them. These are the people who dictate what happens in their lives ‑‑ where they live, what school they go to, and what decisions will be made for them socially. Foster care creates an ever‑changing environment of youth having to adapt to strangers making life decisions, and this is conducive to the parallel process of exploiters who seek to keep control of a youth’s life.
We also lack opportunities to gain meaningful relationships and positive attachments. How this plays out for others and for myself, opportunities to build these skills, such as problem‑solving or for what it means to reconcile after an argument, are denied, and instead we are just moved to another placement. For myself, as unfortunate as it is to say, due to the over 14‑plus placements I have endured, the most consistent relationship that I ever had while in care was that of my pimp and his family.
Like me and many other youth in care, we become accustomed to being isolated, much like the victims of domestic violence. By adapting to multiple moves from home to home, this allows us to easily adapt to when traffickers move us multiple times from hotel to hotel, city to city, and/or State to State.
And these exploiters go without fear of punishment due to the lack of attention when young people from this population go missing. No one looks for us. I really want to make this clear: No one looks for us. No one keeps us on their radar. The system just makes no effort. There are no AMBER alerts, no posters when youths from the foster care system go missing. And, oftentimes, group homes will avoid reporting youth missing due to interrupting payment.
And, oftentimes, from the system, it is always assumed that we have willingly run away. Many times, that is not the case. Many times, we are kidnapped or other circumstances. This the exploiters use to their advantage. The life instability of foster care makes it easier for exploiters to hide their involvement, which continues to perpetuate our population’s vulnerability.
I believe child welfare agencies should be working with local programs which support and provide resources to youth who have been sexually exploited to enhance their responses with working with these youth to transition into a healthier lifestyle. They also can learn ways to identify these youth. For myself in care, there was many times that I had many absences and people knew I was absent, but those were red flags that should have been paid attention to.
Child welfare agencies also need to figure out ways to make these children visible when they go missing. I am pretty sure that there are many people in society that would be willing to help, but they are not aware that these children are missing and that somebody cares about what has happened to them.
You should also be provided trauma‑informed counsel and care at all times. This means that the agencies should be actively working to gain and maintain these resources to do so. And, in addition, I believe cell‑phone hotlines or other ways to respond and interact with these youth when they reach out should be developed.
These youth also need to be actively involved in the decision‑making process of their life and their circumstances. I feel that in California they have meetings called TDMs, which is team decision‑making meetings. And New York also has something along the same processes called family team conferences. These are great examples of youth involvement, as they have the youth and their families come together ‑‑ and this is families both biological and created ‑‑ come together to make decisions about placement choices and things of that sort.
You should have a constant ally throughout their time in care, as it is a great resource that some agencies do work with mentorship programs. Oftentimes, the mentoring goes uncontinued if the youth is not in placement. So I believe that these youths should be provided a constant ally throughout their time in care, and this person should be available whether or not the youth is currently in placement. This also helps in regards to when the youth are on the streets or in the process of being exploited.
And, lastly, we need to ensure that these conversations are actually followed with Federal actions from the input received here today.
In addition to all that I have stated here, I also serve on the National Foster Care Youth and Alumni Policy Council, and we have also been actively working to provide recommendations to address this issue amongst this population.
So I want to say thank you again, Chairman, members of the committee, and the Human Rights Projects for Girls, and the audience, for taking the time to receive my contributions. Thank you to all who work on behalf of these children. You are all appreciated with all you do to end the vulnerability of all children.
Thank you.
Chairman Reichert. Good job. Thank you for your testimony, T.
[The statement of Ms. Pettigrew
Chairman Reichert. And I let her go a little bit long because I think we all agree that is special testimony that we all need to hear. It doesn’t mean that the other four witnesses don’t have something important to say, but ‑‑ so you will be held to the 5‑minute rule, Mr. Ryan.
STATEMENT OF JOHN D. RYAN, CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, NATIONAL CENTER FOR MISSING AND EXPLOITED CHILDREN
Mr. Ryan. Duly noted, Mr. Chairman.
Thank you, T., for sharing your powerful story with us. It is very compelling.
Mr. Chairman and members of the subcommittee, thank you for inviting me to speak about this problem of sex trafficking of our youth in foster care in the United States.
As you know, the National Center is a private nonprofit in operation since 1984. We were designated by Congress to serve as the Nation’s clearinghouse on missing and exploited children’s issues.
We have several programs to address child sex trafficking, including our CyberTipline, an online reporting mechanism for suspected child sexual exploitation, including child sex trafficking and child pornography; additionally, our Child Sex Trafficking Team, made up of dedicated analysts who support law enforcement’s effort to arrest and prosecute those who sell our children for sex; and our Critical and Runaway Unit. These are specialized case management teams that handle cases of missing children who are also possible sex trafficking victims.
NCMEC partners with the FBI and the Justice Department in the Innocence Lost national initiative. Since 2003, NCMEC has served as a clearinghouse for information and provides analytical support to the 66 Innocence Lost task forces throughout the country. These task forces operate cross‑country. This is a targeted, coordinated, 3‑day sweep of child sex trafficking venues. These operations have rescued more than 2,700 children who have been trafficked and arrested more than 1,300 pimps. Several of these prosecutions have resulted in life sentences. This year, the youngest child recovered was 13 years of age.
When they hear the term “child sex trafficking,” most Americans think that it only happens in other countries or that foreign children are brought here to be sold in large cities. In fact, we have learned that most of the victims of child sex trafficking are American kids who are trafficked in small towns and large urban areas. If people are not aware of it, they are not looking for it.
How prevalent is child sex trafficking? In 2012 alone, one out of eight endangered runaways reported to the National Center were likely child sex trafficking victims ‑‑ one out of eight. This number has tripled since we started comparing missing children to trafficked children.
An often overlooked aspect of child sex trafficking is that it is also a problem of missing children. Many child sex trafficking victims are missing from their parents, legal guardians, or foster care placements. These are the most vulnerable of children. Traffickers know this. They actively target runaways and then lure them into the sex trade using psychological manipulation, illegal drugs, and violence.
Foster children are easy targets for pimps. These children are the most susceptible to the manipulation and false promises that traffickers use to secure their trust and dependency. Of the children reported missing to NCMEC in 2012 who were likely child sex trafficking victims, 67 percent were in the care of social services or foster care when they ran ‑‑ 67 percent.
Let me give you one example. The National Center received reports of a young girl who was 15. She had been reported missing 13 times before she was placed in foster care. Law enforcement got involved, and the pattern continued of her running away.
We found through our reports that this child had several tattoos, many of them pronounced. Tattoos are a sign of branding by these pimps. They market these products, these young girls, these victims.
We were able to develop leads through public records databases that this girl was being trafficked on an online classified service. We sent that information to law enforcement. They set up a sting operation, they made a call to arrange a date with this young girl, and they were able to rescue her.
This girl reported that for the last 2 years she had been victimized, on average, five times per night for that 2‑year period.
The most important thing we can do is to change the conversation from a juvenile delinquency issue to child protection issue. These children cannot just walk away. They must be rescued and treated as victims.
All child welfare agencies must report missing foster children to law enforcement. The National Center, working with law enforcement, when we have this information we can interdict, we can help find this child before they are victimized. We have systems that are in place in some States, but it must be universal, consistent, and mandated.
Thank you for your interest, and we look forward to working with this committee and all the proposed legislation that has been proffered here today. Thank you.
Chairman Reichert. Very good. Thank you, Mr. Ryan.
[The statement of Mr. Ryan follows:]
Chairman Reichert. I would like to take just a moment to introduce our next witness, who happens to be from Washington State and is an old friend of mine back in our criminal justice days together.
Justice Bridge is from my home State, as I said, and has more than 19 years of experience with child welfare and has been recognized as a leading advocate for foster care and juvenile justice reform.
Justice Bridge founded the Center for Children and Youth Justice in 2006 to reform Washington State’s juvenile justice and child welfare systems. And, recently, I think January 2010, you were given the Advocacy Spirit Award, national spirit award, by the ‑‑ and you were a Defender of Rights and the Dignity for Our Youth Award in January of 2010.
So it is good to see you, and I am happy that you were able to be here. And I understand it coincides with a conference that will be held tomorrow.
STATEMENT OF THE HON. BOBBE J. BRIDGE, PRESIDENT, CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, AND FOUNDER, CENTER FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH JUSTICE
Ms. Bridge. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman Reichert, who I resist calling “Sheriff” as well, and members of the subcommittee.
Thank you for inviting my testimony today. It is an honor to participate in this discussion of the ways in which we can prevent, effectively intervene, and ultimately eradicate the commercial sexual exploitation of vulnerable children in our communities, especially those in the foster care system.
I am Bobbe Bridge, founding president and CEO of the Center for Children and Youth Justice. The center, informally known as CCYJ, is a private nonprofit established in 2006 to advance justice for and to enhance the lives of children and youth in the juvenile justice and child welfare systems through juvenile justice, child welfare, and related systems improvement.
As Chairman Reichert noted, prior to founding CCYJ, I was a trial judge in King County Superior Court for 10 years, during which time I presided over hundreds of child abuse and neglect and juvenile delinquency cases. Would that I had known the right questions to ask.
During my 8 years of service as an associate justice of the Washington State Supreme Court, I reviewed these same cases and also became involved in system change efforts in child welfare.
I learned valuable lessons. No one part of the system ‑‑ no one system ‑‑ can alone address the multiple and complex needs of abused and neglected children and youth. Fortunately, Washington State has a robust history of collaboration, both cross‑discipline and cross‑system, in child welfare.
Ms. Bridge. This history has led to a number of changes in practice in our child welfare system that have resulted in better outcomes for our children and youth in foster care.
But information that is coming to us now regarding the extent to which these children, who have been in foster care or are currently in foster care, are becoming victims of sex trafficking, or CSEC, as we call it, commercially sexually exploited children, presents a new reality which requires new approaches.
I would like to focus my brief time on describing a systematic approach that might prove valuable in your response to this reality.
A lot remains unknown about CSEC, but what we do know is that by bringing professionals from the various systems that interact with those who either are or who are at risk of becoming CSEC together with survivor and community voices in authentic, collaborative, and coordinated responses, we are more likely to create successful outcomes for these children.
The State of Washington is in the process of implementing such a collaborative model. Project Respect is the working title for the CCYJ‑led project, which has resulted in the development of the Washington State CSEC Model Protocol.
The purpose of the project and of the protocol is to implement that State‑wide coordinated response that is best‑practice‑ and data‑driven that will identify, engage, and better serve commercially sexually exploited children and youth in Washington State ‑‑ children and youth who are victims, not criminals ‑‑ and to hold their perpetrators accountable.
With a combination of public and private funding, last year we brought together over 200 people ‑‑ survivors, system professionals, advocates, and community members across the State ‑‑ to discuss the context of CSEC in their communities, the responses that were currently being used, the gaps in data and services, and to explore what the components of a model response protocol should include.
With the result of this effort, a draft protocol was prepared, vetted to a number of State‑wide leaders, and finalized. This year, working together with our partner, YouthCare, five sites, some multicounty, have been trained on the protocol and on best practices in working with CSEC.
Also during this year, the Washington State Center for Court Research of the Administrative Office of the Courts is leading an effort to work with stakeholders and those pilot sites to develop a data collection plan involving law enforcement, courts, child welfare, and service providers.
The progress of the protocols and the policy implications of the work at the local sites will be being reviewed by the newly create Washington State CSEC Coordinating Committee established by the legislature in the 2013 legislative session and convened by the Washington Attorney General.
Lessons learned have led us to some promising systemic actions that could be undertaken by this subcommittee.
First, providing guidelines, direction, and resources for the cooperative and consistent collection of data on the prevalence of CSEC, their pathways to becoming trafficking victims, and to effective practices for prevention and intervention.
Providing guidance and incentives for collaboration and cooperation at both the State and local levels to develop model protocols for improving our response to CSEC. And critical here to success is the necessary participation of the State and regional child welfare agency at its highest level.
Providing direction and incentives to State child welfare agencies to focus on children missing from care and to recruit and train specialized foster homes to receive those who are found to be CSEC. Safe and stable housing should be made available to those for whom independent living is the best option.
Providing specific resources through the Court Improvement Act for judicial training and identification of CSEC and for advocates as a resource to the courts when a foster child is identified as CSEC.
Providing training to child welfare workers on the identification of CSEC, including the use of special assessment tools and casework practices that reduce running from care.
Mandating changes in State child welfare laws so as to include a trafficked child in the definition of an abused child.
I thank you for this opportunity to be a part of finding solutions to the sex trafficking of youth in foster care. On behalf of CCYJ, I would submit that whatever efforts we undertake to address the proliferation of sex trafficking of our former and current foster youth should be research‑based, collaborative, coordinated, data‑driven, and sustainable.
These efforts should focus on identification and support of the victims and must recognize that this is a crime of mobility which requires a unified and consistent response, a response that does not merely move the incidents from one neighborhood, one county, one State, to another. And, hence, the beauty of this Federal leadership on these issues.
Thank you very much.
[The statement of Ms. Bridge follows:]
Chairman Reichert. I would also like to introduce another friend from Washington State, Ms. Giovengo, who has over 27 years of experience developing and implementing reengagement programs for out‑of‑school and homeless youth. She is the executive director of YouthCare, which helps homeless youth and operates the only program in Washington State providing residential services for sexually exploited youth.
You are recognized for 5 minutes.
STATEMENT OF MELINDA GIOVENGO, PH.D., EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, YOUTHCARE
Ms. Giovengo. Thank you. Good afternoon, Chairman Reichert and members of the subcommittee. I am grateful for the opportunity to address the subcommittee on this important topic. As said, my name is Melinda Giovengo, and I am the director of YouthCare, located in Seattle, Washington.
Since 1974, YouthCare has been a leader in providing effective services to help Seattle’s runaway and homeless youth get off the streets and prepared for life. We were founded to help eliminate the sexual exploitation of children in our community. Our agency’s dynamic programming and collaboration serve as a model for working with runaway, homeless, and sexually exploited youth, both locally and nationwide.
Runaway homeless youth are at high risk for sexual exploitation. Recent studies, as have been cited here today, estimate that there is an exorbitant prevalence between these two populations prior to these young people entering our services.
To better serve the clients of YouthCare, we operate the Bridge Continuum of Services for Sexually Exploited Youth, consisting of: identification and outreach strategies; community‑based advocates, which I like to call lifelines; emergency shelter programs; long‑term housing; and, most important, education and employment training, which helps offer these young people an opportunity to find a way out of exploitation. These services are trauma‑informed and are often victim‑ ‑‑ and victim‑informed.
The city of Seattle estimates there are between 700 and 1,000 homeless youth on our streets every night. The Seattle area also has a significant problem with sexual exploitation and the trafficking of children. In 2008, a study in King County conducted by Dr. Debra Boyer identified 238 unduplicated minors involved in prostitution and determined the prevalence of sexually exploited youth in King County to be between 300 and 500 per year.
The long‑term risks for youth in foster care are well‑documented, but it is only in recent years that the prevalence of sex trafficking among youth in foster care has been widely recognized. Many of the runaway and homeless youth served at YouthCare are part of the foster care system or have aged out, and even more have histories of involvement with child welfare through CPS reports and investigations.
We see youth every day who are being trafficked and exploited and who are system‑involved for whom the system has failed. It is the system’s involvement, combined with their runaway and homeless status, which makes them uniquely vulnerable to pimps and traffickers.
Today, I will highlight five key issues and offer recommendations to address each of these.
Youth in foster care are disproportionately at risk for victimization through sex trafficking due to their prior abuse and lack of social and familial support and frequency of running away. YouthCare recommends that the child welfare agencies create a strategic plan for how to prevent trafficking among youth in care and identify and respond to youth who do become victims of sex trafficking.
Second, the youth in foster care are often victims of sex trafficking before social workers and foster parents or other providers are aware. YouthCare recommends that screening, intake, and ongoing service planning should include measures to screen for indicators of trafficking, such as childhood sexual abuse.
We further recommend that all child welfare staff and foster parents receive mandatory training on identifying and responding to sex trafficking and that specific resources be dedicated to meet the needs of victims and foster parents and social work staff.
And, finally, we recommend that social work and child welfare agencies participate in regional task forces or protocol development in efforts to respond to sex trafficking, while partnering with our runaway and homeless youth programs across this Nation to help lay the framework for a cross‑country and very deep intervention strategy for these young people.
State‑dependent youth who are missing from care cannot legally be housed in homeless youth programs receiving Runaway and Homeless Youth Act money or HUD funds. We recommend that RHY language and HUD language be amended to allow for the provision of services to State‑dependent youth if other placements are deemed inappropriate.
The fourth is the scope and prevalence of sex trafficking in youth in foster care is not systematically tracked or quantified, and the lack of data is a significant barrier to the effective response. It is recommended that data strategies should be implemented to accurately quantify how many youth in the foster care system and in the runaway and homeless youth systems are being sex‑trafficked.
And, finally, responses to sex trafficking at the State and local levels are varied and inconsistent. YouthCare recommends that policies be enacted whereby allegations of sex trafficking are automatically screened for investigation by child protective services and that the definition of abuse and neglect is expanded to reflect the abuse and harm caused by pimps, traffickers, buyers of commercial sex, and other custodial perpetrators accessing children through the commercial sex trade.
Youth in foster care are at significant risk for many damaging and impactful outcomes, not the least of which is the victimization through sex trafficking. Significant resources and strategies should be vetted and implemented in order to identify victims and increase the capacity of child welfare agencies to protect youth from these harmful and devastating experiences.
Thirty years ago, YouthCare ran a program helping 36 young women off the streets and out of the victimization of prostitution. I sit here 30 years later with the same recommendations I would have had then. I see and hear from many of these 36 young women that I knew. They call, they say, “Thank you.” They have jobs, they have college degrees, they have families, they have lives. The young people I see now were not even born when they were in my care.
How many thousands of young lives have been lost in those 30 years? How many more before we recognize that these are not incorrigible, immoral delinquents that need to be dealt with but children who are victims of the most heinous forms of abuse in our communities and they need our help, support, care, and, dare I say, love to regain their lives? How many more and how long before those children become our children?
I would sincerely like to thank the subcommittee for its interest in hearing YouthCare’s recommendations for improving the child welfare system’s response to sex trafficking of youth in foster care.
In closing, we deeply appreciate the dedication of this subcommittee, and particularly of you, Chairman Reichert, to provide leadership and bipartisan commitment to combatting sex trafficking. We look forward to your continued efforts and collaboration and are honored to be a resource in any way necessary as you move forward on this important issue.
Chairman Reichert. Thank you for your testimony.
[The statement of Ms. Giovengo follows:]
Chairman Reichert. Ms. Harris, you are recognized.
STATEMENT OF ASHLEY R. HARRIS, CHILD WELFARE POLICY ASSOCIATE, TEXANS CARE FOR CHILDREN
Ms. Harris. Good afternoon. My name is Ashley Harris, with Texans Care for Children. We are a State‑wide, nonpartisan, nonprofit advocacy organization dedicated exclusively to improving the lives of Texas children through policy change.
As a former caseworker for Child Protective Services in Texas for over 4 years, I truly appreciate the opportunity to provide a firsthand account of how this horrible crime impacts foster kids and those guided to protect them.
I have to first acknowledge T.’s testimony because I think we can all agree who the real experts are, and those are our former foster youth and those currently in care.
So thank you for your testimony.
With my testimony, I hope to offer recommendations for the committee’s consideration and opportunities for improvements. I have included additional items for the committee’s consideration in written testimony; however, because of time, I will specifically highlight the role that training, lower caseloads, and case monitoring has on the identification and protection of our most vulnerable children: those removed from their home due to abuse and neglect and placed in foster care.
Since hearing the recent reports that a majority of likely child trafficking victims who are reported missing ran away from either foster care or a group home, I have been reflecting on my days as a former CPS caseworker and one of my former kids from my caseload. Stephanie was a bright, beautiful, and funny young adult. I worked with her for over 3 years and knew her as my “runner” due to her monthly habit of running away from every single placement.
Since birth, Stephanie’s life and sense of self was defined by how others used and abused her body. As a teen, she acted as though running away from care, sometimes selling herself to others, was a way to exert control over her body and her life ‑‑ a tragic and flawed way of thinking that was a direct consequence of all she had endured.
Each time Stephanie returned, I would pick her up. She seemed fine, and on we went to the next place. I never stopped to ask the questions that would have allowed me to truly understand her experience and the impact of being away from foster care, all alone, exploited, and broken, without a person or system to protect and support her.
With a caseload of over 30 teenagers or more at a time, well above the recommended caseload of 12 to 15 per caseworker, getting her shelter was more of a priority than ensuring her social and emotional wellbeing. Caseworkers are the people charged with protecting some of our most vulnerable children and should be provided a manageable caseload that ensures appropriate supervision, that does not leave children at risk for further abuse and neglect, and promotes a child’s ability to thrive both in and out of the child welfare system.
I also regret that the training I received as a caseworker had not provided me the skills and support needed to understand the impact of trauma on healthy child development and identify behaviors and characteristics that increase the likelihood that children in foster care will be victims of exploitation and trafficking.
For many State child welfare agencies, training on these topics is not part of the initial basic skills development provided to newly hired caseworkers. Additionally, basic training on human trafficking, reporting laws, and information on appropriate resources should be provided to all professionals who are likely to come into contact with possible minor victims who may be on runaway.
Stephanie’s story represents the experience of many homeless teens and those involved in foster care, living on the streets by themselves with no one to protect them and, frankly, no one really looking. When these children run away from State custody, the system must respond in an expedited manner and make best efforts to locate the child and address their safety and wellbeing. As their parents, the child welfare system has a responsibility to address the needs of foster children and ensure their supervision and security.
The susceptibility of children in foster care to human trafficking must take precedence in the strategic plans of State and local child welfare organizations. These children are all of our children. And as the Nation continues to look at ways to combat human trafficking, we must do a better job at identifying, protecting, and supporting vulnerable youth like Stephanie to prevent them from becoming another statistic, helping them thrive and become healthy, productive, and happy adults.
Thank you so much.
[The statement of Ms. Harris follows:]
Chairman Reichert. Thank you all for your testimony.
I couldn’t help but sort of think back to the days when I was on the street as a police officer, as a homicide detective, and as a detective working the Green River serial murder case. That was really central around young girls and young ladies who were victims on the street being taken advantage of. And, sadly, some lives were taken by a monster who was prowling the streets.
And what my memory brought me back to were some of the things that you all said, especially, Melinda, your comment about 30 years ago you had made the same recommendations. I see that so clearly. Thinking back, not much has changed ‑‑ a little bit, some has changed, but not nearly enough. We have so much work to do.
And what I also appreciate about our first panel, too, was that they did bring some solutions. They are working on some legislation, I think, that can be helpful. But what I appreciate about this panel is, not only have you described the problem for the Members here today from your perspective, but you have also provided input as to what you see as solutions, which is really tremendous help for us.
But I am really curious ‑‑ and, first, my first question will go to T. We had a chance, as I said earlier, to meet a little bit before the hearing.
But, first of all, I know that every Member up here really recognizes the courage it takes to come and speak in front of Congress, first of all, but to tell your story. I know it is hard because I have trouble telling my own story, as you and I witnessed earlier. So thank you for being here, and thank you for having the courage to come and testify today.
So you have heard some of the ideas about what we could do to prevent kids in foster care from entering into a life of human trafficking. From your point of view, it would be very helpful to us to know, what do you think? What can we do as Members of Congress, what can the Federal Government do to help ensure that young kids get a good, permanent, loving home and stay off the streets and stay out of this world that we know is so destructive?
Ms. Pettigrew. Thank you again, Chairman.
I think something that is very important to me ‑‑ first of all, I would like to say everything that was spoken at this panel I fully support as a survivor and as someone who has the perspective of living the reality.
One thing that I think that was really helpful, I know for my own story and for many other stories, is that we all escape in different ways, but I think it really comes down to comprehensive, trauma‑informed, and gender‑specific care and services. And that means, you know, for both girls, boys, transgender, LGBTQ. I think that what is so important is that we really have it where it is comprehensive. And what I mean by that is that it is not just professionals but as, you know, stated here, it is also victim‑informed. I think that that is the best way that we can really start to find the gaps, the holes, in which youth are actually falling through.
For myself, you know, it started with, you know, the connection to a youth advocate who was very much trauma‑informed and really actually knew about my story for years previous. And so it really takes a conglomerate of different people and officials who come together to really say, we are going to start standing up for these youth.
Does that answer your question, Chairman?
Chairman Reichert. Yes, it does, very well.
Ms. Pettigrew. Thank you.
Chairman Reichert. And I think that we ‑‑ of course, go ahead. You have something else ‑‑
Ms. Pettigrew. Oh, I just had another thing that I wanted to say, is that, in addition, I think that we need to really look outside and think outside the box. Something that I find to be very helpful in addition to all of that are, you know, us thinking outside the box in the effect of ‑‑ you know, I know, for myself, I had a juvenile defender who, you know, although I wouldn’t be in placement, still maintained contact. I had, you know, cell phone, email, and no matter what, she would maintain contact with me.
Also, I think that we need to go back to the real terminology of things. As professionals and as people who want to make a difference, we need to understand that labeling is real in all terms. So even as, you know, well‑intentioned our work is, using the terminology of “children prostitution” or “child prostitutes” becomes very offensive, and it really is ‑‑ it makes it a hard time for young people to be able to overcome their victimization. These young people should never be referred to as “prostitutes” or “prostituted children” because they oftentimes aren’t even of legal age to consent to sex, so how can they be selling something that they don’t have the legal right to have?
And so, I think, us just taking that into account ‑‑ you know, even as a survivor, I wouldn’t say that I am just a survivor, but I am a thriver and an overcomer. And just understanding that those labels are all integrated in the way that we see ourselves and we see our futures.
Chairman Reichert. Thank you.
Ms. Pettigrew. Thank you.
Chairman Reichert. We are going to keep your phone number handy so we can give you a call and ask some questions later too. Is that all right?
Ms. Pettigrew. No problem.
Chairman Reichert. Okay.
Justice Bridge, what do you see as the courts’ role in helping to reduce the vulnerability of youth in foster care? How can courts work with child welfare agencies to ensure that these kids are kept safe from harm?
Ms. Bridge. Well, first, I am going to put T. on speed dial, as well.
But the courts definitely have a role. And we have been ‑‑ on the child welfare side of things, unfortunately we get siloed, so I have to say on the one hand child welfare, on the other hand juvenile justice. But we know that these frequently are the same populations of kids and they certainly represent the same needs, the same trauma as their pathway to either juvenile justice or child welfare.
With that said, the courts have done a much better job of working with the agencies in order to ensure that our work is consistent, that we are governed by best practices, by actual data that exists, rather than by anecdote or by, worst of all, the comfort of the adults in the systems as opposed to the voices of the young people who are a part of those systems. So all of that, I think, is really important.
And one of the things that I think on this particular issue that is so critical for us to work together on is that identification is a key. We need to have the best science possible, including specific assessments, in order to be able to identify who these children are.
Many children in the State of Washington are not ‑‑ on the juvenile justice side, don’t end up in the juvenile justice system by being labeled as prostitutes. They come, however, through a variety of mostly misdemeanor offenses and the like, drug possession perhaps being the most frequent felony arrest. But there are all kind of red flags. There is all kinds of good learning that we can and should know, and learning together to identify those kids.
Because the courts’ role, in that regard, becomes not criminalizing this person who is a victim, this child who is a victim, but can intervene to more positively impact that child’s life and make sure that they are referred to resources which can intervene, which can interrupt the process towards being even more deeply trafficked.
And one of the things that T. mentioned that just struck a chord with me was what we have learned in developing this State‑wide CSEC protocol in the State of Washington is that in many, many instances ‑‑ and this is true for foster kids as well as for children who are not in the foster care system ‑‑ in the early days of their being trafficked, they are still connected. They are still connected primarily to their school. They may not even be connected to their families or their home, because they are on the run, but they go to school, they kind of ‑‑ they show up. Maybe they go to one or two classes, but they do.
It is an incredible opportunity for educators or for the court, if they end up being directed to the court because of truancy. People have to start asking the right questions, and we need to know what those right questions are. And in order to ask the right questions, we need to be aware of what the warning signs are, like the missing school, like tattoos, like having income that is unexplained, cell phones that are maybe two or three of them at the same time ‑‑ all of these kinds of issues.
We need to be smarter, and we need to get smarter together. That is how the courts can work with the social service agencies.
Chairman Reichert. Thank you very much.
Mr. Doggett, you are recognized for your questioning.
Mr. Doggett. Thank you very much.
Ms. Harris, you talked about the caseload. And I saw several heads nodding back and forth amongst all of you as you discussed various issues. But just in terms of caseload, are there some national standards on what is appropriate for working here? And how does that compare to what we have in Texas?
Ms. Harris. The Child Welfare League of America recommends that caseworkers who are working with children in foster care have a caseload of 12 to 15 children at a time. And in Texas, you know, we are at nearly double that recommendation.
Mr. Doggett. And how do you find that in Washington State? With a comparable situation?
Ms. Bridge. The caseloads, I believe, have been reduced over the course of the past decade, let’s say, but we are still, I believe, on average, 19 or 20.
And particularly when you are working with vulnerable populations ‑‑ again, you have to ask before you know, when you have particularly vulnerable people on your caseload, and by that I mean children who have been on the run from foster care. If you have 19 or if you have 10 on your caseload, that is far too many.
Mr. Doggett. I know one aspect of our committee is the flow of Federal dollars to help out with child welfare. But I would just ask you, since you heard the testimony of our colleagues and we have heard yours, if there are specific things within the jurisdiction of this committee that you recommend we do, whether it is now or in follow‑up written testimony, that you provide us your counsel.
And I think you have done some of that, Ms. Harris, in yours, and some of the other witnesses have, as well. But really looking to see, isn’t there a way now, immediately, that we can agree on some bipartisan legislation that might help a bit supplement what you all are doing at the State level. I know so much of this needs to be occurring at the State level.
Yes? Do you have a thought on that, Ms. Giovengo?
Ms. Giovengo. I do. I just would like to talk a little bit about what is already being done in another arena.
If we look at how we are treating young people who are foreign victims of trafficking through our Office of Refugee Resettlement, my organization alone just received a $1.5 million grant ‑‑ amen ‑‑ to be able to serve 20 beds of young people a year. Now, these young people then have trauma‑informed care, they have an education specialist, they have people working on their legal issues, they have really appropriate supervision and care. It is a wonderful system to take care of these minors who are here without papers or undocumented, have been trafficked across the border.
On the other side, the RHY program receives $109 million for programs across the country. Runaway and homeless youth programs were designed and set up and appropriated originally to serve the needs of sexually exploited children in our communities.
Couldn’t we be helping the 475 programs nationally to become the infrastructure to respond a lot easier than to set up yet another system, to be honest with you. Couldn’t we work in parallel with child welfare to use the resources we have and expand them to at least have some equity in how we treat our foreign victims and our local victims.
Mr. Doggett. That is very helpful.
Judge, did you want to add something there?
Ms. Bridge. Yes. I think the exclamation point that I would like to make ‑‑ and I was rushing through my remarks in order to make the appropriate timeframe. But what Dr. Giovengo was saying, what it really amounts to is mandating changes in State child welfare laws so as to include a trafficked child in the definition of an abused child.
And right now ‑‑ and I believe that Representative Bass noted this, as well ‑‑ the fact is that if it is a third party who is the perpetrator of abuse, then it doesn’t fall within most State statutes. Federal Government can and should be the leader in this, because our State statutes ‑‑ 99 percent of our State statutes mimic what the Federal statute provides.
And these are our kids. How could this not be abuse? And the fact is, as someone mentioned ‑‑ oh, I believe as you mentioned, that these are our children in the most fundamental way, because we have taken them from their homes, we have made a determination that those homes are not safe and not providing for their wellbeing and are not the best permanent place for them, and yet we then ‑‑ when they run, we just don’t look. It is shameful.
Mr. Doggett. Doctor, were you going to add a comment there?
Ms. Giovengo. Yeah. And I just think that, again, while we know resources are tight ‑‑ you know, it is just always going to be that way ‑‑ there are administrative things that we could do to make the systems work better for these young people.
As it stands now, a trafficked young person who is in child welfare cannot have access to a transitional living program funded by HUD or by the runaway and homeless youth networks because they are under the jurisdiction, even though those jurisdictions haven’t worked. So those kinds of things prevent young people from actually getting access to the care they need.
If you are a foster care young person who is aging out of foster care, instead of being able to go directly into a transitional living program perhaps funded by HUD, which we operate, with trauma‑informed care, you are not eligible because you can’t be in the same bed that is funded by HUD.
These things make no sense on the ground, for those of us that are doing the work. And it seems like we could make some small changes that would make huge differences in the lives of our young people.
Mr. Doggett. Well, these are very constructive recommendations. To the extent they are not already part of your written testimony, please do feel free to supplement so we can look for a way to respond quickly to your recommendations.
Thank you very much to all of you.
Chairman Reichert. Thank you.
Mr. Young, you are recognized for 5 minutes.
Mr. Young. Yeah, thank you, Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member.
What an excellent panel we have here. T., your testimony was inspiring. Your life story is riveting. We really appreciate you personalizing and humanizing this affront right now that all of you are doing good work to address. And I appreciate that.
Judge, I was particularly struck with your systematic approach to trying to address sexual trafficking in the State of Washington. And I think we need to do more hard analysis of data, and I know that you and your team of stakeholders in the State have been doing that. You have developed a protocol here. And I would like to dive a little bit deeper into that with you with several brief questions, if you will indulge me.
You were able to learn, as I understand it, about best practices or generally accepted practices in other States. How, if at all, did that inform development of Washington State’s protocol? And how did you divine these best practices from other States?
Ms. Bridge. Well, would that it were divined. That might be easier.
The process for developing the protocol involved, as I said, over 200 people. What that meant was focused interviews, individual interviews, with survivors as well as folks in the communities on the ground, but also what we called mini‑summits or small summits, which brought together law enforcement, folks from the courts, including judges, detention workers, juvenile probation counselors, school people, community activists, community advocates, social service providers, and our Department of Social and Health Services, our child welfare administrators, all trying to come together to, as I said briefly, share their experience on the ground but also sharing best practices from the perspectives of their various disciplines.
In addition, before we went out into the field, as it were, we also did independent research and were assisted in that by Dr. Debra Boyer, who is a nationally known expert on practices relating to CSEC, or commercially sexually exploited children. So we developed a set of recommendations that are included in that protocol ‑‑
Mr. Young. Right.
Ms. Bridge. ‑‑ about best practices.
Mr. Young. Well, it sounds likes you did a lot of field work, a lot of focus groups, so to speak. And that is oftentimes how this sort of information is gathered.
Perhaps I should follow up with Dr. Boyer or somebody else with respect to some of the homework that occurred, in terms of data analysis and so forth, going into those meetings. But I do wonder, as with so many other areas of public policy, whether there is something lacking, in terms of robust information related to this population.
Ms. Bridge. Without a doubt.
Mr. Young. Okay.
And do you see opportunities for us to improve that nationally, or do you think, instead, these should be State‑by‑State databases, so to speak, of information collected from case files, as I know you are in the process of doing in Washington State, or other things?
Maybe you or Ms. Giovengo could speak to that.
Ms. Bridge. I will let Dr. Giovengo do a ‑‑ but, certainly, the answer is yes. And when I mentioned at the very end about not just moving this issue or this population from one neighborhood to the next or one county to the next or one State to the next, it is where Federal leadership comes in.
We are trying to figure out what data is being collected. We know it is very little. There should be consistent definitions of what “sex trafficking” means, what “child sex trafficking” means. And that leadership needs to come from the Federal Government. And when the law enforcement, for example, or the courts are collecting data, you know, how are they collecting it so it all means the same thing? And that should be in a Federal database.
Mr. Young. Justice ‑‑ thank you.
One final point here. In consulting with Dr. Letourneau, who is the director of the Moore Center for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse at Johns Hopkins University, she indicated that she thinks much of the emphasis needs to be placed not just on treatment or punishment but also interventions to prevent the occurrence of sexual trafficking. And I think that sounds spot‑on.
To the extent you have thoughts about investments, public investments, we need to be making that will not only save money but help protect persons in the longer run, I would be open to that testimony, either written after the fact or if you have an idea right now that you can quickly put forward, that would be great.
Ms. Giovengo. Well, just some quick thoughts.
What we have tried to do in Washington State, or at least in the Seattle area, is we have instituted National Safe Place, which is on our all of our metro buses around King County. And through a coalition of runaway and homeless youth providers, we respond to any young person in a King County library or in our community centers that looks in and looks like they need help.
So metro buses ‑‑ we have over 3,000 sites right now. The bus driver says, “How you doing?” They say, “Not so good.” She says, “Do you need help?” He calls us. In 45 minutes, we meet that bus in one of the largest counties in the Nation within 45 minutes and help recover that young person, who may have set foot out of their house just mad because of, you know, broccoli or a curfew and end up on a bus with someone looking to put them in the most horrific situation they could ever experience.
So the National Safe Place model is an interesting, easy, low‑cost way to get your community involved. I think there are lots of early interventions with families who end up with shelter programs, to do some family reconciliation, not just let the kid go home, but to actually try to duct‑tape that family together for a long time with some small interventions, versus letting them become systematized and part of our long‑term services.
We deal mostly with young people that come in during adolescence, but there is a lot, I think, we could do with foster families in identifying and training them on the expertise of what it looks likes when a child living with you is beginning to get into this or beginning to perform, quote/unquote, “survival sex” in our community.
So I think that there is a lot of training and, actually, not very expensive interventions that we could to really create a much thicker safety net for our young people.
Mr. Young. Thank you, Doctor.
I yield back.
Chairman Reichert. Mr. Renacci?
Mr. Renacci. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I want to thank you for holding this hearing on preventing and addressing sex trafficking of youth in foster care.
I am very interested, really, in working with the members of the previous panel in regards to ‑‑ and any other Members from both sides of the aisle on how Federal laws and policies might be improved to better ensure the safety and wellbeing of youth at risk of abuse and neglect.
You know, in Ohio, on average, 12,000 children are living in foster care each month. Last year, more than 1,500 foster children aged out of care when they turned 18. When I hear these statistics, I am not only worried whether or not these individuals are prepared for life after foster care, but if the system was able to provide for them the sense of family and protection they deserve. Our jobs as Representatives is to ensure the foster system protects them and prepares them, really, for successes in life.
T., you are an inspiration, and I thank you for your dedication to really helping others in foster youth.
You mentioned in your testimony at least once, and I read it, about red flags that go unnoticed by child welfare agencies. Can you tell us some of the ‑‑ what these red flags are?
Ms. Pettigrew. I think some of them are very much mentioned within this panel.
Particularly, I want to say that specifically from the ages of 10 to 13 I was still in and out of the education system. So I think that definitely I want to go back to, you know, the absences. I think that if we take the time to integrate the education system in regards to identifying and in regards to educating them about this population, I think that that is very much important.
Because I know if you would have asked me at 13, you know, what was going on, I would have told you that, you know, this is my life because I didn’t know anything separate. But through the education of others, just much like the education system, I seek to find a new me and a different me. And so I think that definitely the education system.
I definitely think that, yes, the cell phone thing is very important, very crucial. If a young child has, you know, two or three cell phones, you have to, like, really take at that in and say, what is that? You know, what does that look like?
Not even that, just the context of the language. Oftentimes, you see young people using different language for different things. And so there is, you know, certain terminology, like “green girl,” or, you know, referring to one another as the “B” word and things like that. There are certain identifiers. Or saying, you know, “Oh, that is my wife‑in‑law.” That actually means that is another girl that has been victimized by the same exploiter.
So really identifying not only the terminology being used, really the education and incorporating the education system in our hopes to make progress in identifying and helping these victims, but also, you know, just paying attention to changes of, you know, personality, withdrawing from people, being more isolated, things of that sort. So I think it is important.
Because one thing that I feel is really important for people to understand is that, if you were to ask me at 13, I wouldn’t see nothing wrong because I was trained to perceive my life in this way. I didn’t see it as anything wrong because no one educated me to say something is wrong.
Also, we need to understand that young people in the foster care system primarily aren’t taught about healthy relationships. So we need to understand that that is a red flag. And if they are, you know, having relationships that aren’t so healthy or, you know, are not clearly visible as far as what the relationship is, those are red flags.
And so, you know, I think the biggest thing that I have to say here is that it has taken a long time for me to get to the place that I am, to be able to speak the way I do and to use the semantics that I do. And if I was 13, you know, I didn’t have the ability to speak in this way and I didn’t have the opportunities. But all the talents and abilities that I hold, I mean, my story is just a conduit of many others. And so my hope is that we can make these changes so that other young people can come to the same table and show their talents and their abilities.
Mr. Renacci. One other follow‑up. You mention that the foster system hinders youths’ decision‑making.
Ms. Pettigrew. Yes.
Mr. Renacci. You know, what type of decisions should foster youth be more in control of?
Ms. Pettigrew. I mean, even in regards to a young person going to sleep over at a friend’s house, that is not the youth’s decision nor is it the decision of the caregiver. Oftentimes, you have to get, you know, approval from the social worker or the judge in the case, things like that.
I also want to say that, in addition to that, foster youth should be more aware of their rights. Because oftentimes there are disruptions in the home due to a foster parent saying you don’t have the right to call this person or you can’t call that person, but, actually, it goes against maybe their State rights, that only a judge can make that decision.
So, in that regard, I feel that, you know ‑‑ does that answer your question?
Mr. Renacci. Yeah. Thank you so much.
Mr. Ryan, quickly, I know I am running out of time, but you mention in your testimony that only Illinois and Florida report missing children to your organization. Why aren’t the other States doing this?
Mr. Ryan. Well, we are actually, Congressman, in discussion with a number of States, including Ohio, and we are getting great feedback. I think there is momentum now that we have proof of concept. We know that the reports we get from two States have led to the early location and finding of these children before they have been exploited.
So I think that is encouraging. The fear that may, you know, have been prevalent with some of the social welfare agencies ‑‑ this is a partnership. We all have a role to play here.
And T. said it earlier in her comments; many times, nobody is even looking for these children. And you mentioned, at the age of 18 when they age out, that means nobody will ever have looked for them, and they are probably forever lost and will continue in whatever, you know, environment they have been in. So unless we can get the reports and law enforcement get the reports, the hope of stopping the cycle that they are bound in is almost hopeless.
But States are, you know, listening, but I think at the Federal level, if we want a uniform, consistent approach, that is the best model. And I know there is some proposed legislation to address that. That is what we support. Every child in every State should be afforded the same level of protection.
Mr. Renacci. Thank you.
And I want to thank all the witnesses.
I yield back.
Chairman Reichert. Thank you.
Before going to Mr. Reed, I ask unanimous consent to insert in the record an excellent article about today’s hearing topic, titled, “Protect Foster Children from Sex Trafficking.” It was written by Conna Craig, the president of the Policy Institute for Children, and includes a number of specific policy recommendations for us to consider.
If you haven’t read that article today, you all might want to take a look at that USA Today article.
[The information follows: Article ]
Chairman Reichert. Mr. Reed, you are recognized.
Mr. Reed. Well, thank you, Chairman.
And thank you to the panel for the testimony. And it is getting kind of lonely up here, but ‑‑ so we are almost done.
But I appreciate this topic. Obviously, we are talking about something that crosses across party lines, unites us as a nation and as people to say that this type of abuse, this type of problem needs to be addressed and needs to be something that we stand united against. So I appreciate everything you guys are doing.
T., what I found very fascinating about your testimony ‑‑ and I read your testimony. And I will read you a statement here that you provided in your written testimony. It says, “Lastly, while I was in care, my social workers were aware that I was being exploited and did nothing about it.”
I would like to know how that happens. What do you mean by that?
Ms. Pettigrew. So, what I mean by that is, even as an emancipated youth, I would ‑‑ when trying to get some of the documents of my upbringing, of course, when I went back to get some of my, what they call, files, it clearly was stated in the documents that, you know, she has trauma due to years of exploitation on the streets. And it is the fact that they were made aware, but at the time in my county there were not resources, there were not ways to help these youth.
I think that even though I am only 24 and we have made ‑‑ we have made so many strides within, you know, these past couple of years since I have aged out. And so, I mean, you know, literally, we have to ‑‑ I am sorry.
Mr. Reed. That is okay. You are doing fine.
Ms. Pettigrew. Literally, we just have to really pay attention and listen and stay focused to, really, the vulnerability of these youth.
Mr. Reed. See, because that really concerns me, with the people that are in the system, that their sole mission ‑‑ and I have met so many of them, and they are just outstanding people. They are people that have dedicated their lives to ‑‑ not for the paycheck but for the mission. And when I hear something like that, that tells me that something in the system is failing.
And what I would like to do is hear maybe from the other panelists, too, T., is how that happens and how that is not discovered in the system. And how does a worker, whose mission and duty is to take care of a child in this situation, fails to do anything about it even though the record shows that they are aware of it? Can anyone explain to me where that ‑‑ yeah, Ms. Harris?
Ms. Harris. Well, as a former CPS caseworker, I can speak to that.
I will admit that it may not ‑‑ and I would say more often it is not as explicit as T.’s story, in the fact that it was in the case record. For me, reflecting on some of the young women that I worked with, I am thinking they were victims, and I just did not have the skills and the training to be able to identify that.
But when it is explicitly documented in case record, I think a lot of those records, given the high turnover rate that you have with CPS caseworkers, that information may not be shared with the new caseworker. They may not have that long history of understanding a child’s behaviors and being able to determine this is something that a child does often, and how can we ensure that they are not revictimized. And so I think that has a lot to do with it.
And I think, to get at that point, it is additional training and a skill set that many caseworkers are not receiving when they are new at the job. I have to admit that many new caseworkers, especially in Texas, are young. They are right out of college. They have never had experience working with vulnerable children and families, and so they just don’t automatically have the knowledge to be able to understand what this problem looks like and then how to respond to it appropriately.
And I think access to resources is another issue. I know in Texas there are limited resources specifically for victims of trafficking, and those resources are not available in all areas of Texas. And so that is a huge part.
But when it comes to those times when you know a child is being victimized, the system has to provide that caseworker the ability to respond appropriately and the skill set to actually be able to identify that.
Mr. Reed. Yeah.
Ms. Giovengo, please.
Ms. Giovengo. I just would like to say I think that this happens way more than is acknowledged. And I think it is because no one really has jurisdiction over this issue inside of child welfare. So in very few States is it the purview of child welfare to be intervene in these particular cases.
I have been shocked day after day in the young people that come into our care at YouthCare with, when we call to report from our drop‑in center that a young person is being trafficked, child welfare says, “Well, call the police.” To me ‑‑ and this is a 12‑, 13‑year‑old.
So this is an issue of no one takes ownership over these young people; no one adopts them as, you know, their concern or their ongoing concern. And so these multidisciplinary teams that Justice Bridge is talking about may resolve some of that, in terms of we will all be accountable. But, also, we need to have ‑‑ I mean, I think we need to have policy that says where does the jurisdiction lie.
And I would say that there is a lot of teeth to the notion that T. brings up ‑‑ and I am always humbled to be with her ‑‑ about teaching young people agency. You know, it is not rocket science, you know. Adolescents are not, you know, green monsters from the blue lagoon. You know, we know what makes young people feel self‑confident and can stand up for themselves and maybe even do some reporting of their own things.
And these young people in foster care are not afforded the opportunities to learn to drive, you know. So you take a ride from somebody. You know, there is a vulnerability. Or you are not with your friends ‑‑ you can’t go on an overnight with your girlfriend. So you figure out a way to have an overnight.
You are just not afforded the normal developmental milestones and opportunities that you would be in a regular home. And I think that that is one of the biggest disservices we do to these young people out of fear of liability. And I think that that goes, again, with who is responsible for creating this person as a young adult and fostering that kind of growth and development in them. And it all makes them vulnerable to the kind of care.
Mr. Reed. Well, I appreciate that.
Chairman, I know I am out of time, but the judge would like to respond, if that is okay.
Chairman Reichert. Well, we will let the judge talk.
Mr. Reed. All right. We will let the judge talk, as the sheriff says.
Ms. Bridge. Well, for Ms. Harris, I want to say that there is somebody who is responsible at law ultimately for these case, and it is the judge.
Mr. Reed. The court.
Ms. Bridge. And that is a failure on the judicial system’s part in huge magnitude, because ‑‑ and that stems back, in part, to lack of training and the lack of ability, again, to ask the right questions, to be alert to the cases that are presented, and to, in fact, approach the caseworker, to summon the caseworker even into court and say, “We have this child on our caseload; where is she?”
Mr. Reed. Well, I appreciate that input, Judge.
When I was a law guardian, when I started my practice of law, I dealt with caseworkers and child protective services, and there was a huge burnout factor. I mean, it is a tough job. And not to have that central person, that somehow it is not handed to caseworker, caseworker, caseworker, but a referral to a judge, I mean, these should be the cases that rise to the top, to say, hey, we have something very significant going on here and to take care of.
And T. ‑‑ please, T.
Ms. Pettigrew. I just have one more thing to say, is that ‑‑
Mr. Reed. Yes.
Ms. Pettigrew. ‑‑ as it aligns and it does fall in the courts and with the judge, I think that one thing that we ‑‑ just out of, like, lack of knowledge and out of just fear of protection, I think what happens all too often is that we have, you know, judges who are misinformed or not clearly educated, and their way of safety is to lock the young people up in detention. And I think that we need to be really clear when we say these young people get no rehabilitation, no trauma‑informed services. They are basically locked like a dog in a kennel waiting for somebody to pick them up on the next try.
So I just really want to make that clear, that as we defer this issue towards the judges, that they need to be educated and informed of other this resources, abilities, and ways and protocols to deal with these young people.
Mr. Reed. Great input, T. Thank you very much.
And I thank the panel.
And I yield back, Chairman.
Chairman Reichert. Thank you, Mr. Reed.
Well, thank all of you for being here, a little over 2 hours of your hearing. And I just want to say again how much I appreciate what you all are doing to help our young people across this country. And thank you for being here today to testify.
There were a number of things that really struck, I think, a lot of the Members here today. I know, for me, again, it always brings me back to those days when I was working with those young people on the street.
And one of the things that T. said about healthy relationships and not really knowing what that healthy relationship was, you know, when you think about it, most people in this country don’t understand what she just said, because they have a healthy relationship.
And when you say, T., I really didn’t know what that was, I didn’t know what love was, I didn’t know what a family was, I didn’t know what that was, people don’t get it. I get it. I get it.
So, also, I wanted to mention that we have had a series of hearings. One of those hearings, a few months ago, was about children being children and allowing foster kids to participate in sports and get rides home with coaches and other parents and get a driver’s license. And so that is a part of this whole effort.
As we move forward and have additional hearings and stay in touch with you, what we would like to do is provide some of the thoughts that we are having along the lines of what legislation might look like, forward those to you, get your input, so that we can make sure this is right. We want to get this right because it is about the future of this country, it is about saving lives, it is about saving the lives of our children.
So thank you all very much.
And I must say this last sentence for the record. If Members have additional questions for the witnesses, they will submit them to you in writing, and we would appreciate receiving your responses for the record within 2 weeks.
The committee stands adjourned.
[Whereupon, at 4:25 p.m., the subcommittee was adjourned.]
Public Submissions For The Record